Hopeful Encounter Essay Example For Students

Cheerful Encounter Essay The sun was setting. Far toward the east, undermining dark mists arosefrom the vapor of contamination from the few smoke stacks overshadowing thecity. The boulevards were scar stamped and scratched with the ongoing shower ofacid downpour. Hot bubbling steam from the sewers made the temperature of daymuch more smoking than it truly was. Simply outside the fringes of the city is alake secured with garbage and raw petroleum spills. Demise and hopelessness floatedaimlessly on the outside of the unhospitable waterway. Carcasses of deadfish, seagulls weaved simply under the edge of the dark sludge. The blackslime detecting new prey, broadened its degenerate and revolting tendrilsfartheruntil it got another clueless casualty, gagging andengulfing, pulverizing, leaving simply one more emtpy shell behind, empty ofany life. Night set in, the stars were darkened by thick covers of smoke. Theday was finished. Stores prepared to bolt up and road lights were turned onto help the providers, so they may travel securely. Few were fortunateenough to claim autos so they could keep away from the cool hazardous streetsand dull back streets. Most shops were at that point deserted, completed for theday. However barely any entryways were as yet open, frantic for any last minutecustomers. One such businessperson was Phil Anderson. Anderson had worked asa drug specialist for an amazing majority. At forty, he had little to appear for. The contamination that caused the steady rot of the city had negativeeffects on business, just as the earth. Phil, however by all meansnot an elderly person, gave indications of untimely maturing. His skin was pale anddry, wrinkled by the ordinary discipline of the breaking down sorroundings. Barely any strands of grayish white hair lined his practically uncovered, dandruff infestedscalp. Taking a gander at Phil with his trademark limp, slumped act andbulging midsection one may think him a very unathletic individual. In any case, thenagain it was not so much his issue. His eyes were red and red, theglasses he wore just made these highlights increasingly self-evident. With shaking thin hands, Phil gradually set aside the remainder of the itemson top of the counter. At long last done, he flicked off the lights andrummaged through his pockets for his keys. Looking one final chance to makesure the shop was all together, Phil bolted up the store and left. He neglected to see a dull shadow keeping an eye on him as he tallied the bills he had earnedtoday, and set it aside into his dark cowhide wallet. The tall dull figurestudied the drug specialist some time longer before trailing him. The narrowdirty road possessed an aroma like weeks old trash and creature squanders. Exhaust cloud wasstill thick noticeable all around making him hack over and over. He halted for amoment to pause. Recalling his air channel in his pocket, Philgingerly took it out and put it on. Feeling greatly improved Phil continueddown the road, hurling a murmur of alleviation. He headed towards home, yet before long recalling that he generally stops bythe Charleton Bar for a beverage or two, Phil unexpectedly altered course. Hints of giggling and protesting arrived at his ears as Phil pushed open thedoors of the Charleton. The Charlton is situated at Bradleys road, only two or three blocksaway from Phils Pharmacy. Regularly did Phil come here to empty and forgethis issues. This old bar is little and a little once-over yet by no meansdeserted. Despite the fact that worked with concrete, The Charleton was wooden inside. Itwas faintly lit by antiquated lights put along the dividers, that gaveit an environment of unwinding. At any rate the issues of the world can betemporarily overlooked in here, overwhelmed in a 16 ounces of lager. A lowslanted roof hung over head. Long stretches of presentation to corrosive downpour caused thewood to rot. Wood fillings was once in a while used to fix up the gaps. Despite the fact that the assortment of alchoholic refreshments served here were not abundent,the ones they had were very famous. Their Spinner and Geinis forexample, were among the house top choices. Scarcely any spread seats and tableswere spread around the room in no clear request. Most were involved. Amiddle matured couple sat in the room whispering amongstthemselves, staying out of other people's affairs. Far in the shadows of the cornerwas a youthful chap, who it appeared to Phil, was too Young to even think about having legallyentered the bar. Gripped in his grasp was the more fragile of the beverages thatthe bar advertised. However the youthful inexperianced consumer wobbled intensely inhis seat, unaccostomed to anything containing liquor. He should havesneaked in, Phil thought calmly, many do. Nowadays nobody truly caresanymore. Spread around the remainder of the Charlton were the typical pack, afew bums, laborers who had shops near the Charleton, and youthful ones whofind t he world outside excessively brutal and requesting, so they come here to seekshelter. Be that as it may, it was no changeless asylum, Phil knew. They would have toface their issues very soon. There was one individual in the crowed that Phil didn't perceive. Hewas a newcommer, Phil knew, in light of the fact that He was perched on his most loved stool,up on the counter. He sat alone tasting on his Spinner with long easygulps, checking him a continuous vistor to Taverns. The outsider had clearblue eyes and sandy shaded hair. The side of his eyes mouth were drawnwith lines, evidence of the difficult situations. He was of typical assembled and appeared alittle taller than normal stature. His stance was somewhat stooped, heprobrably took a shot at development or something stressing to the body. Thenewcomer was no methods ugly however, Phil would figure he could pickup a young lady or two quickly. There was something reviving about him. Acertain aurora of certainty and expectation emanated from him. Perhaps it was theway he taken care of himself, or something different, made Phil inquisitive about him. Hedecided to stroll over to converse with him. Phil inclined slighly on his privilege legmaking his approach to bar. The planks of flooring squeaked with each progression Phil took. Was Prince Hamlet Wacko? Article After a speedy farewell to his mates, Phil rose and joined Bill, theyopened the entryways of the Charelton and took off to the lanes. Phil felt a specific bond towards Bill, he roused trust andconfidence. Phil hadnt felt this sure of himself for such a long time that heforgot how extraordinary it felt. He realized this would be a beginning of a goodfriendship. So disclose to me increasingly about yourself and your children, what do you do to helpthe condition?, Phil needed to know. Bill didn't reply, he appeared tobe preoccuppied with some different considerations. It is safe to say that you are good? ,Philasked. Goodness, sorry I was simply considering something. What?, thePharmacist asked. Instructions to burglarize you!, came Bills answer. Phil glanced toStevens in stunned doubt, he at that point saw the grin that was playingacoss Bills face, and acknowledged it was a joke. Phil snickered long and hard,he hasnt felt this great in some time. They strolled down a couple of more blocksand were moving toward the once-over piece of town. This spot consistently givesme the wet blankets, it truly helps that your with me. Better believe it right., Billsaid. They were strolling down a particullary dim back street when Bill suddenlystopped. He glanced around to ensure no one was near. Phil, puzzledasked, Something incorrectly Bill? Nothing, came the appropriate response, everything isjust fine. Bill abruptly got the scruff of Phils shirt and pushedhim against the divider. Bill what's going on with you?, Phil cried out,frightened and befuddled. What does it resemble Im doing you fatbastard!, Bill snapped sarcastically.Now, wheres your wallet?, thethief requested. Bill I dont get it? For what reason are you doing this?, Philcroaked pitifully, considerably increasingly befuddled at this point. For what reason am I doing this? Are youthat idiotic? To make due in this dirtied dump! Phil shook his head,struggling futile to break liberated from Bills handle. Shouldn't something be said about all thethings you said about the world being a superior spot?, Phil askeddesperately. Shouldn't something be said about your family, your children? You real ly believedall that bull. I just disclosed to you whatever it removed to get you from that barand get you here. So I can do this! Phil saw frigidity in Bill, hisexpression, removed and brutal. The Bill he had met at the Charletonwas no more. Supplanted by a cold and determined cheat. You truly meantwhat you said in the bar, I can tell! You truly did! Its actual, wellsurvive! You cannot be this way. I know theres great in Bill Stevens!Phil faltered. That is false and you know it, and you trusted it!You were an imbecile to have me stunt you! Listen Bill, everybody can change,you caused me to accept. I wasn't right to just grumble and do nothing when Icould help spare the world. In the event that we as a whole contribute, as you stated, it can reallywork! Phil begged the hoodlum, attempting to make him see reason. Billhesitates for a second and his demeanor relaxed, revealling desperationand blame. Be that as it may, at that point in a moment or two, the veil of briskness returned. Bil l fixedPhil with a hard gaze, at that point ventured into Phils pocket. This is my life,what I do, I cannot change now. Its past the point of no return!, Bill stated, as though it wasany encouragement to Phil. Its never past the point of no return!, Phil cried, Bill, justhear me out! Bill grunted and gave Phil a quick and solid hit to theabdomen, dropping him to the asphalt like a huge amount of blocks. Doing that,Bill ran off and vanished into the night. Leaving a folded, patheticform, lying in the filthy abandoned back street. The sound of downpour drops before long assaulted the city. Sulphurousclouds discharged beating sheets corrosive downpour. In spite of the fact that this storm did notcool the city in any capacity. Steam from the drains despite everything ejected withunrelented pressure. As the stinging pelts proceeded with their attack onnature. The lake outside the outskirts of the city was loaded up with morebodies of defenseless casualties, that gradually endured, in light of man. The moonwas still not seen, nor will it be, whenever later on, as dim swirlingclouds clouded the sky. IN the back street, the downpour tumbled downward on Phil as he sat peniless andhopeless in a puddle. The acidic downpour consumed Phils coat,gradually disintegrating ceaselessly the texture. Strides headed towards Phil in urgenthaste. Phil, what was the deal? Are all of you right?, Tom got out. Philsbuddies in th

Learn About the 3 Main Stages of Cellular Respiration

Find out About the 3 Main Stages of Cellular Respiration We as a whole need vitality to capacity, and we understand that vitality from the nourishments we eat. Extricating those supplements important to prop us up and afterward changing over them into useable vitality is the activity of our cells. This complex yet proficient metabolic procedure, called cell breath, changes over the vitality got from sugars, starches, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, a high-vitality particle that drives forms like muscle withdrawal and nerve motivations. Cell breath happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells,â with most responses occurring in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the mitochondria of eukaryotes.â There are three fundamental phases of cell breath: glycolysis, the citrus extract cycle, and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation. Sugar Rush Glycolysis truly implies parting sugars, and it is the 10-advance procedure by which sugars are discharged for vitality. Glycolysisâ occurs when glucose and oxygen are provided to the cells by the circulation system, and it happens in the cells cytoplasm. Glycolysis can likewise happen without oxygen, a procedure called anaerobic breath, or aging. At the point when glycolysis happens without oxygen, cells make modest quantities of ATP. Aging additionally creates lactic corrosive, which can develop in muscle tissue, causing irritation and a consuming sensation. Carbs, Proteins, and Fats The Citric Acid Cycle,â also known as the tricarboxylic corrosive cycle or the Krebs Cycle,â begins after the two atoms of the three carbon sugar delivered in glycolysis are changed over to a marginally extraordinary compound (acetyl CoA). The procedure permits us to utilize the vitality found in carbohydrates,â proteins, andâ fats. Despite the fact that the citrus extract cycle doesn't utilize oxygen straightforwardly, it works just when oxygen is available. This cycle happens in the lattice of cellâ mitochondria. Through a progression of middle of the road steps, a few mixes equipped for putting away high vitality electrons are created alongside two ATP atoms. These mixes, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are diminished all the while. The diminished structures (NADH and FADH2) convey the high vitality electrons to the following stage. On board the Electron Transport Train Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is the third and last advance in vigorous cell breath. The electron transport chain is a progression of protein buildings and electron bearer atoms found inside the mitochondrial layer in eukaryotic cells. Through a progression of responses, the high vitality electrons produced in the citrus extract cycle are passed to oxygen. All the while, a synthetic and electrical slope is shaped over the internal mitochondrial film as hydrogen particles are siphoned out of the mitochondrial lattice and into the inward layer space. ATP is eventually delivered by oxidative phosphorylation-the procedure by which compounds in the cell oxidize supplements. The protein ATP synthase utilizes the vitality delivered by the electron transport chain forâ the phosphorylation (adding a phosphate gathering to a particle) of ADP to ATP. Most ATP age happens during the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation phase of cell breath.

Stevens, Thaddeus

Stevens, Thaddeus Stevens, Thaddeus, 1792â€"1868, U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania (1849â€"53, 1859â€"68), b. Danville, Vt. He taught in an academy at York, Pa., studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Maryland. He practiced law in Gettysburg (1816â€"42) and then in Lancaster, Pa. He also entered the iron business. Stevens first achieved political prominence as an Anti-Mason, and from 1833 to 1841 he served in the Pennsylvania legislature. An aggressive, uncompromising man possessing a formidable, sardonic wit, he helped defeat a bill abolishing the state's public-school system and was a vigorous proponent of a protective tariff. In his first two terms in Congress, Stevens was a Whig but also a forthright abolitionist, and he quit in disgust at his party's moderate stand on the slavery issue. A leading organizer of the Republican party in Pennsylvania, he returned to Congress in 1859. As chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, he was a powerful figure throughout the Civil War. Ste vens secured huge appropriations for the Union forces and succeeded in having paper money authorized as legal tender. His hatred of the South seems to have been based on principle. After Henry W. Davis was defeated for reelection in 1864, Stevens in the House and Charles Sumner in the Senate were the leaders of the radical Republicans in Congress who opposed President Lincoln's moderate plan of Reconstruction . In Stevens's view, the Southern states defeated in the Civil War were conquered provinces and as chairman of the joint committee on Reconstruction he intended that they be treated as such. Victorious in the congressional elections of 1866, the radicals nullified the Reconstruction program of President Andrew Johnson , placed the South under military occupation, proscribed most ex-Confederates, and enfranchised African Americans. Stevens himself proposed the Fourteenth Amendment . Sincere in his devotion to the betterment of African Americans, Stevens nevertheless fra nkly admitted that the legislation guaranteeing them suffrage was designed to keep the Republican party in power. He dominated the committee that drew up the impeachment charges against Johnson and was one of the House managers in the subsequent trial before the Senate. Stevens requested that he be interred in a cemetery with African Americans rather than in a burial ground closed to them. See biographies by S. W. McCall (1899, repr. 1972), J. A. Woodburn (1913), T. F. Woodley (rev. ed. 1937, repr. 1969), A. B. Miller (1939), R. N. Current (1941), R. Korngold (1955), F. M. Brodie (1959, repr. 1966), and H. L. Trefousse (1997, repr. 2005); T. H. Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (1942, repr. 1960). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Great Gatsby the Immoral 20s - 786 Words

The Immoral Twenties The 1920s gained its nickname, The Roaring Twenties from its wild and carefree lifestyle. The extensive wealth of the time filled most nights with parties, dancing, crazy antics, and illegal alcohol. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, encompassed all of the aspects listed above. Not only did the book express the exciting side of the Twenties, it also expressed lack of morality of the time. According to The Great Gatsby, this lack of morality stemmed from the focus on material items, drinking, and dreaming. Everyone enjoys material things, whether they want a brand new car or even a phone; these items do not provide any necessity for survival, yet they make people’s lives much easier, and even more†¦show more content†¦As soon as she met up with Tom â€Å"she bought a copy of Town Tattle and a moving picture magazine, and in the stations drug-store some cold cream and a small flask of perfume† (Fitzgerald 26), in a desperate attempt of living her dream. Her dream stemmed from immoral ways; Tom had lots of money, and was willing to spend it on Myrtle, yet only for his own adulterous motives. Dreams stem the worst kind of immoralities because the best intentions can lead to the worst outcomes, so many dreamers do not realize their mistakes. The Roaring Twenties, according to Fitzgerald lacked morals stemming from high aspirations, materialism and liquor. While morality may seem easily discernable many people still act immorally. These bases of impurities still exist today, and stem the same results. For the betterment of the public, one should be careful in what they do; many other examples provide bases for immorality. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 1925.Show MoreRelatedIrony In The Great Gatsby Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesnovels such as, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† tackle the subject of â€Å"faking†, which means when a character is pretending to be something or someone that he or she is not. Although, it takes a while or someone from a higher social class.† Quoted from an online source. This progression is important, because it helps make an idea that relates to Gatsby being an illusion as someone who’s generous and mysterious man, but in reality, a weak and miserable character. In the novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, by Scott FitzgeraldRead MoreMotif of Eyes in the Great Gatsby848 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Hultquist Mr. Sudak English 11 18 March 2013 The motif of eyes in The Great Gatsby Eyes are the gateway to the soul, or so the old saying goes. People’s eyes can convey their feelings - their anger, excitement, or worry. Eyes can also convey subconscious emotions, revealing hidden depths that might not otherwise be apparent. In The Great Gatsby we are introduced to many characters whose eyes effectively reveal their personalities. The author explores the symbolism of eyesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeeming with underlying symbolism and an array of thematic ambivalence, The Great Gatsby prevails today as one of America’s most iconic literary works. Set during the boisterous and seductive period known as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s,† F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly depicts an era whose daring youth strived to acquire the unattainable in pursuit of the popular cultural myth known as the American Dream. However, under closer examination, it becomes evident that the characters in Fitzgeraldâ€⠄¢s novel are chasingRead MoreEssay about A Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1555 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a universal and timeless literary masterpiece. Fitzgerald writes the novel during his time, about his time, and showing the bitter deterioration of his time. A combination of the 1920s high society lifestyle and the desperate attempts to reach its illusionary goals through wealth and power creates the essence behind The Great Gatsby. Nick Carraway, the narrator, moves to a quaint neighborhoodRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1599 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Scott Fitzgerald was an author who wrote several books based around his time of life. Fitzgerald lived during the Roaring 20’s and recorded many important events and themes that occurred around him. One of Fitzgerald’s most popular novels is named The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is written to reproduce the environment that Fitzgerald was living in. This semiautobiographical work uses fictitious characters to portray how people around Fitzgerald acted and what the overall theme ofRead MoreComparison of Great Gatsby and Sonnets from the Portuguese Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesHow does the treatment of similar content in The Great Gatsby and the prescribed poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning reflect changing values and perspectives? Throughout different time periods in history, perspectives change. With changing perspectives, artists and authors convey their feelings for particular social issues in varying ways through their texts. As the prescribed text, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the prescribed sonnets from â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† by ElizabethRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby1366 Words   |  6 PagesDream and without that, life would be without pleasure and thus without meaning. 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In the article The Demise of the 1920s American Dream in The Great Gatsby, the para-graphs discuss diverse cultural elements shown in The Great Gatsby: During the 1920s, the perception of the American Dream was that an individualRead More The Great Gatsby and the Valley of Ashes Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby and the Valley of Ashes    Many times we hear of societys affect on people; society influencing the way people think and act.   Hardly mentioned is the reverse: peoples actions and lifestyles affecting society as a whole and how it is characterized.   Thus, society is a reflection of its inhabitants and in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, it is a wasteland described as the valley of ashes.   Since the characters of this novel make up this wasteland, arent they theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby And I Too, Sing America979 Words   |  4 Pagesheard, especially if it an unpopular opinion, so they turn to writing. This popular writing style allows people to express their opinions through underlying themes in their stories thus allowing writers to be spokespeople of their times. From The Great Gatsby to The Crucible to â€Å"I, Too, Sing America,† each author has expressed the values, critiques of society and traits of their times through their stories and poems. During the early 1920’s, America experienced a post-war economic growth, which increased

Relevance in Tort or Negligence Cases Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Any advice from a professional, even if not express or formal or written, is binding even if there is a proviso of non-accountability. The characteristic of that relationship which is not express or formal or written may be denominated as a special in that it is not in the regular or a standard form. As a matter of course, one that is not ordinary is special. In professional ethics, it does not matter whether the relationship is either. In the instant case and according to its underlying circumstances, however, you are not liable. Why? Because your advice did not guarantee success in any given situation which was, as a matter of fact, subject to unpredictable variances and that if the client took it as a wagering decision, she did so at her own risk. In contrast, an engineer who advises this and that specification in a building which later on collapses out of a minor tremor can be liable. Why? Because in the latter example, the advised specification is presumed to mean that the buil ding could withstand ordinary quakes. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance in Tort or Negligence Cases or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

A hero that I most admire by Zanis Free Essays

Despite all these hardships, my mom still managed to get an education, start a family and accomplish something that would change the course of my life, forever. She worked and worked and worked, and, eventually, she saved up enough money to fly me over to Ireland to have a better childhood and lifestyle than she had, I admire that woman because she went above and beyond to make sure that her child would receive a better education, a better life and a secure future where we don’t have to worry about where our next meal is owing from. Secondly, I admire her because of her strength. We will write a custom essay sample on A hero that I most admire by Zanis or any similar topic only for you Order Now She’s been through hell and back, and, amazingly, she’s still here, standing tall. About eight years ago, my mom and dad were divorced. When I heard the news, I was so little, I broke down and cried. My father was my world, my everything, and to know that I could lose him at any given moment scared the life out of me. Just the other day, I asked my mom why she never cried. She responded, â€Å"Are you kidding me†, I would cry all the time. I would cry when you kids were off at school. I would even cry myself to sleep sometimes. I Just wouldn’t cry In front of you kids or your step-father, because I knew that I had to keep a straight face. I had to be the rock that kept the family grounded. She was the rock then, and she’s still the rock now. Lastly, I admire her because she’s as quick as a whip and she’s more Independent than anyone I know. She’s a clever one I tell you. It seems Like whenever anyone In my family comes down with an Illness, she has the cure. If you are living under my mom’s roof there’s absolutely no deed for missing days off school because of some Illness. Just give her fifteen minutes to mix up a homemade remedy and you’re cured. On top of that, my mom Is also very clever. If the check engine light lights up, my mom can take care of It. When the time to file taxes comes around, she’s got It. A lot of people look up to celebrates Like Kim Sardinian or Jeremy Line. Now don’t get me wrong, those celebrates are great and all. But, I don’t admire them the same way that I admire my mom. She’s an Incredible human being whoso hardworking, strong, clever and Independent. I admire her courage and her resilience. She Inspires me and my slings to be better people and to give life own very best shot. A hero that I most admire by Azans By Pakistani sometimes. I Just wouldn’t cry in front of you kids or your step-father, because I knew as quick as a whip and she’s more independent than anyone I know. She’s a clever one I tell you. It seems like whenever anyone in my family comes down with an illness, she has the cure. If you are living under my mom’s roof there’s absolutely no need for missing days off school because of some illness. Just give her fifteen minutes to mix up a homemade remedy and you’re cured. On top of that, my mom is also very clever. If the check engine light lights up, my mom can take care of it. When the time to file taxes comes around, she’s got it. A lot of people look up to celebrities like Kim Sardinian or Jeremy Line. Now don’t get me wrong, those celebrities are incredible human being who’s hardworking, strong, clever and independent. I admire her courage and her resilience. She inspires me and my siblings to be better people How to cite A hero that I most admire by Zanis, Papers

Computer Crime (3095 words) Essay Example For Students

Computer Crime (3095 words) Essay Computer CrimeComputer Crime Its the weekend, you have nothing to do so you decide to play around on your computer. You turn it on and then start up, you start calling people with your modem, connecting to another world, with people just like you at a button press away. This is all fine but what happens when you start getting into other peoples computer files. Then it becomes a crime, but what is a computer crime really, obviously it involves the use of a computer but what are these crimes. Well they are: Hacking, Phreaking, ; Software Piracy. To begin I will start with Hacking, what is hacking. Hacking is basically using your computer to Hack your way into another. They use programs called scanners which randomly dials numbers any generating tones or carriers are recorded. These numbers are looked at by hackers and then used again, when the hacker calls up the number and gets on hes presented with a logon prompt, this is where the hacking really begins, the hacker tries to bypass this anyway he knows how to and tries to gain access to the system. Why do they do it, well lets go to a book and see Avid young computer hackers in their preteens and teens are frequently involved in computer crimes that take the form of trespassing, invasion of privacy, or vandalism. Quite often they are mearly out for a fun and games evening, and they get entangled in the illegal use of their machines without realizing the full import of what they are doing, I have a hard time believing that so lets see what a hacker has to say about what he does Just as they were enthraled with their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in breaking the law, its in the pursuit and capture of knowledge., as you can see the hacker doesnt go out to do destroy things although some do. Its in the pursuit of knowledge. Of course this is still against the law. But where did all of this start, MIT is where hacking started the people there would learn and explore computer systems all around the world. In the views of professional hacking is like drugs or any other addictive substance, its an addiction for the mind and once started its difficult to stop. This could be true, as hackers know what they are doing is wrong and they know odds are they will be caught. But as I mentioned some hackers are just above average criminals, using there skills to break in banks and other places where they can get money, or where they can destroy information. What a hacker does at a bank is take a few cents or even a few fractions of a cents from many different accounts this may seem like nothing but when all compiled can be alot. A stick up robber averages about $8,000 each job, and he has to put his life and personal freedom on the line to do it while the computer hacker in the comfort of his own living room averages $500,000 a job. As for people destroying information, this is for taking some one down, destruction of data could end a business which for some is very attractive. It can cost a company thousands of dollars to restore the damage done. Now that you have an understanding of what a hacker is, it time to move on to someone closely associates with a hacker. This is a Phreak, but what is that. For the answer we turn to the what is known as the Official Phreakers Manual Phreak 1. The action of using mischievous and mostly illegal ways in order to not pay for some sort of telecommunications bill, order, transfer, or other service. It often involves usage of highly illegal boxes and machines in order to defeat the security that is set up to avoid this sort of happening. v. 2. A person who uses the above methods of destruction and chaos in order to make a better life for all. A true phreaker will not go against his fellows or narc on people who have ragged on him or do anything termed to be dishonourable to phreaks. n. 3. A certain code or dialup useful in the action of being a phreak. (Example: I hacked a new metro phreak last night.) The latter 2 ideas of what a phreak is, is rather weird. A Phreak like the hacker likes to explore and experiment, however his choice of exploring is not other computer but the phone system as a whole. Phreaks explore the phone system finding many different ways to do things, most often make free calls. Why do they do this, A hacker and phreaker will have need to use telephone systems much more than an average individual, therefore, methods which can be used to avoid toll charges are in order. . A phreak has two basic ways of making free calls, he can call up codes or PBXs on his phone and then enter a code and make his call or he can use Electronic Toll Fraud Devices. Codes are rather easy to get the phreak will scan for them, but unlike a hacker will only save the tone(s) number instead of the carrier(s). Then he will attempt to hack the code to use it, these codes range from numbers 0 9 and can be any length, although most are not more than 10. Electronic Toll Fraud Devices are known as Boxes in the underground. Most are the size of a pack of smokes, or than can be smaller or bigger. I will not go too deep. They are electronic devices than do various things, such as make outgoing calls free, make incoming calls free, simulate coins dropping in a phone, etc. People who Phreak are caught alot these days thanks to the new technology. Software Piracy is the most common computer crime, it is the illegal coping of software. People wouldnt think of shoplifting software from a retail store, but dont think twice about going home and making several illegal copies of the same software. Sexual Harassment 101 Essay (Yang, 1998) The macro viruses are big problems; they infect very popular programs such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. This type of virus can effect daily work much easier than any other virus. (Miastkowski, 1998) Almost any package does a nice job of finding and eradicating most viruses, including macro viruses. The key is to keep the products library of signaturesbinary code that helps identify virusescurrent. (Yegulalp, 1997) That is one area where these packages differ most. Some of the major brands of antivirus software include Norton AntiVirus 4.0, PC-cillin 3.0, Dr. Solomons Anti-Virus 7.0, McAfee VirusScan 3.0, and IBM AntiVirus 3.0. 1. (Miastkowski, 1998) All the programs share some common attributes; for starters each program indeed hunts down and eradicates the bugs introduced into a system. (Cope, 1998) By far, the best at detecting and destroying viruses is Norton AntiVirus 4.0; it offers superior protection. This particular software uses a virus-detection technology called Bloodhound. It sniffs out viruses that may have been mutated beyond their original forms. (Yegulalp, 1997) TouchStones PC-cillin 3.0 follows closely behind Norton AntiVirus 4.0; it provides sufficient protection, and updates are available over the internet. (Miastkowski, 1998) Each program scans or boot-sector and memory-resident viruses automatically when turns on the computer. They also include a Windows 95 antivirus shield that blocks contamination from infected floppy disks and warns the user when a tainted file is being run. In addition, they let users perform manual scans of any drive from within Windows 95, and also check.. .files downloaded from the Internet. (Cope, 1998) Norton AntiVirus 4.0 generously incorporates its Windows NT, DOS, Windows 3. x and Windows 95 editions into one package. PC-cillin also runs under NT, although TouchStone ships the NT edition as a separate product. (Yegulalp, 1997) Another advantage to the Norton AntiVirus software is the installation process; it is not difficult, and several options are provided for the user. Norton AntiVirus can load live protection and allow the user to create a rescue disk set. The rescue disk set backs up the system, allowing the user to boot and recover from a virus attack. (Hackers, 1997) The PC-cillin software is very protective also. Upon installation, PC-cillin immediately makes sure its own files are clean, since an infected antivirus program is powerless to prevent further infection. (Yegulalp, 1997) This program also offers a backup system and scan of the system before Windows 95 loads. (Yang, 1998) The latest version of PC-cillin informs the user as it is scanning an internet connection. It offers much tighter functionality than before. Earlier PC-cillin users will definitely want to upgrade. (Yegulalp, 1997) On the surface, it looks as if the odds are against personal computer users. Despite increased use of antivirus software, viruses continue to spread at an unnerving rate. (McDonald, 1997) Clearly, anti-virus software is one of the smartest buys a computer owner can make. There are nearly 10,000 known computer viruses threatening the worlds personal computers, with effects ranging from relatively harmless to ferociously destructive. (Cope, 1998) These troublemakers can spread to personal computers easily from an infected floppy disk, as well as from files downloaded onto the hard drive from an e- mail attachment and the Internet. (McDonald, 1997) Despite the great reviews of these antivirus programs, many computer researchers maintain a sense of skepticism towards complete protection. Regardless of how sophisticated antivirus technology may become, computer viruses will forever remain in an uneasy coexistence with us and our computers. (Chess, 1997) Unless there are updates to virus scanners every few minutes, no one is completely safe from a destructive virus. New viruses are popping up so fast that virus scanner vendors cannot hope to keep up with them. Even with the best of tools and policies, bulletproof security is probably unattainable. High costs, changing networks and software versions, incomplete security tools, and the growing pool of ingenious and dedicated hackers prohibit this. (Hackers, 1997) The numbers of people who can create new viruses have also increased. (Yang, 1998) , a group of hackers quickly cracked a much-vaunted. ..code using relatively simple brute force techniques. (Hackers, 1997) This breach of security was only five weeks after the data security invited the attack in the hope of proving its codes resistant to such attacks. Over several years, people have been perfecting the care of personal computers. However, over that same amount of time, others have been hard at work to develop new ways to cause a system to crash. Some problems with a personal computer cannot be stopped, but preventative action can take place for viruses. Every computer user should be equipped with an antivirus program; there is no way of predicting whether or not a simple file contains a tremendous virus. The user must leave such a decision to the computer itself; only it can detect and destroy the virus. By purchasing a simple antivirus package, each computer user can hamper viruses from entering and destroying his personal computer. After taking all of the costs into consideration, it is much more expensive to rebuild a computer after destruction than it is to purchase an effective antivirus software package. BibliographyWorks Cited Chess, David, Jeffrey Kephart, Gregory Sorkin, and Steve White. Fighting Computer Viruses: Biological Metaphors Offer Insight into Many Aspects of Computer Viruses and Can Inspire Defenses Against Them. Scientific American Nov. 1997: 134-138. Computer. The World Book Encyclopedia. 1997. Cope, Jim. A Buyers Guide To Virus Protection: Get the Lowdown on Six Win 95 Programs that Keep Digital Bugs from Invading your PC and Destroying your Files. NetGuide Mar. 1998: 143-146 Hackers, Terrorists, and Spies: You know theyre coming at you. Can you stop them? Software Magazine Oct. 1997: 76. McDonald, Glenn. Viruses: An Anatomy of Mass Hysteria. PCWorld Sept. 1997: 123-125 Miastkowski, Stan. Virus Killers 1998: This Year, Macro Viruses are Running Rampant. Which Antivirus Program is Your Best Defense? PC World Mar. 1998: 114-116. Yang, W. D. Be Aware of Viruses and Use Protection. Computer Times 18 February 1998: 85-89. Yegulalp, Serdar. Head to Head: Antivirus Software Virus Protection Superheroes. Windows Magazin Technology